How a Tree Grows - A Brief Overview

Little of a trees volume is actually living tissue. Just 1% of a tree is actually alive and composed of living cells. The major living portion of a growing tree is a thin film of cells just under the bark (called the cambium) and can be only one to several cells thick. Other living cells are in root tips, the apical meristem, leaves, and buds. The overwhelming portion of all trees is made up of non-living tissue created by a cambial hardening into non-living wood cells on the inner cambial layer. Sandwiched between the outer cambial layer and the bark is an ongoing process of creating sieve tubes which transport food from leaves to roots. So, all wood is formed by the inner cambium and all food-conveying cells are formed by the outer cambium. Apical Growth Tree height and branch lengthening begin with a bud. Tree height growth is caused by the apical meristem whose cells divide and elongate at the base of the bud to create upward growth in trees with a dominant crown tip. There can be more than one developing crown if a trees top is damaged. Certain conifers cannot produce these growth cells and height growth stops at the crown tip. Tree branch growth works in a similar way using buds at the apex of each twig. These twigs become the future branches of trees. Transfer of genetic material in the process will cause these buds to grow at determined rates, creating a tree species height and form. Tree trunk growth is coordinated with the increase of tree height and width. When buds begin opening in the early Spring, cells in the trunk and limbs get the signal to increase in girth by dividing and in height by elongating. Root Cap Growth Early root growth is a function of meristematic root tissue located near the tip of the root. The specialized meristem cells divide, producing more meristem called root cap cells which protect the meristem and undifferentiated root cells while pushing through the soil. The undifferentiated cells become the primary tissues of the developing root during elongation and the process that pushes the root tip forward in the growing medium. Gradually these cells differentiate and mature into specialized cells of the root tissues.

The Effect Of Stress On The Immune System - 1186 Words

1. Discuss the impact of stress on the immune system. Stress has a huge impact on the immune system. The immune system is interconnected. For example the immune, nervous, and endocrine system is linked through specialized communication pathways involving hormones, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and immune cell productions. Stress reactions can directly affect the various response systems and how they handle the neuroendocrine-products. This stress reaction directly affects the hypothalamus and pituitary peptides through the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. Some of these stressors might be life events, anxiety, and excitements. The human body reacts externally or internally in the way of physiological responses. When we experience one of these stressors the physiological responses job is to prepare the body to deal either by adapting to it or simply surviving it. This can promote a functional alteration in the organs normal function. These changes can include how the immune cells function. By one reducing the natural killer cells and T cell cytotoxicity or by impairing the B cell function. By affecting these cells it can have dire health consequences like weakening the immune systems defense. In an acute stressor, the immune system is heightened. But is suppressed in a chronic stressor. In this situation the cortisol levels rise, and weaken the immune system. This weaken system can make the human body more susceptible to serious disease, infectionsShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Physiologic Stress On The Immune System1495 Words   |  6 PagesThere is a huge impact on the immune system when stress occurs. Physiologic stress is a chemical or physical disturbance produced by change in the external environment or within the body that brings out a response to offset that disturbance. Three components of physiologic stress include the exogenous or endogenous stressor initiating the disturbance, the chemical or physical disturbance produced by stressor and the body’s counteracting adaptation response to disturbance. Stressors include pain,Read MoreThe Effects Of Cortisol Mediated Chronic And Acute Stress And Immune System Response2571 Words   |  11 PagesChronic and Ac ute Stress and Immune System Response Introduction The nervous, endocrine, and immune systems share a close relationship critical to maintaining homeostasis during psychological and immune stress (Carlsson, Anneli, Ludvigsson, Faresjà ¶, 2014). Chronic stress, primarily mediated by the glucocorticoid cortisol, is associated with deleterious health outcomes and immune deficiency. However, acute stress is associated with protective health effects and immune enhancement. Stress has generallyRead MoreEssay on The Effect of Stress on Cardiovascular Disorders1190 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effect of Stress on Cardiovascular Disorders A cardiovascular disorder is any disorder effecting the heart and circulatory system. There is evidence that links stress plays a role in the development of two types of cardiovascular disorders, hypertension (high blood pressure) and coronary heart disease (CHD), which reduces the flow of blood to the heart. Stress may directly cause cardiovascular problems by; rising heart rate which wears the lining of the blood vesselsRead MoreOutline and Evaluate Research Into the Relationship Between the Immune System and Stress Related Illness827 Words   |  4 Pagesrelationship between the immune system and stress related illness The main function of the immune system is to protect the body from infectious agents such as viruses and other toxins. The immune system can fail us in two ways-either by becoming under-vigilant, letting infections enter the body, or over-vigilant, so that it is the immune system itself, rather than an infectious agent that causes illness. Most studies of the relationship between stress and the immune system have focussed on acute(iRead MoreStress And The Immune System Essay828 Words   |  4 PagesStress And The Immune System The immune system is a very important part of our bodily functions as its main function is to protect the body against millions of antigens, which attack our cells and try to reproduce viruses and diseases. The immune system can protect the body in three different ways, in which are: 1. It creates a barrier that prevents the antigens from initially entering the body. 2. If the antigens do manage to enter the body, then yourRead MoreThe Link Between Psychological Stressors and Overall Health Essay1544 Words   |  7 Pagesstressors and a persons’ overall health have been proven through various objective studies. The degree of the stress response can also be directly linked to the severity of its effects. Specific research indicates that stress is related to increased risk of improper immune system functioning, liver disease, and coronary artery disease. When exposed to environmental threats, the body’s immune system carries out dynamic processes through the secretion of various chemicals and production of various kindsRead MoreA Relationship Between Stress and Physical Illness Essay1078 Words   |  5 PagesA Relationship Between Stress and Physical Illness Stress is an example of a behaviour and experience explained in physiological and psychological terms. Recently awareness has been heightened concerning the harmful effects of stress and how it can be successfully managed and prevented. Lay definitions of stress seem to focus on a force or some kind of mental pressure which is exerted upon an individual which is aversive. Stress is often associated with anxietyRead MoreHuman Therapeutic Ways Of Addressing Cancer Treatment866 Words   |  4 Pagesof NSCLC. However, this can no longer be viewed as a discovery but a wave in the medicine world that began in the 20th century. Various researchers have found the importance of the role of immune systems in fighting the growth of tumor caused by cancer cells. A study by Huncharek (2000) stated that specific immune boosters are capable of eliminating preclinical cancers. In contrast, Jermal et al. (2011) found that immunotherapy is an effective approach for the treatment of tumors that have alreadyRead MoreThe Pathology Of A Newly Diagnosed Cancer Patient Than The Well Differentiated Ones900 Words   |  4 PagesCatecholamine The two are stress hormones. They are normally released to give the fight response or the flight one. These two responses are common when one is under stress. They accomplish this common task by releasing appropriate chemicals and sending various signals to the brain and nervous system. Their differences arise in the type of actions they trigger in the body. Catecholamine leads to heart activities, as well as those of the kidney and blood vessels. Its effects include changing glucoseRead MoreThe Effects Of Optimism On Cancer Survival Rate926 Words   |  4 Pagesthe inner mechanisms of the effects of optimism on cancer survival rate. Salovey (2000) has proposed various potential casual pathways from dispositional optimism to cancer survival outcomes. One of the potential mediators of optimism and survival outcome might be immune system. In other words, optimism tends to enhance the immune system which in turn enhance cancer survival rate. Indeed, Ah (2007) examines the intimate conn ections among social support, optimism, and immune response. Ah hypothesized

Antigone Character Sketch Essay Example For Students

Antigone Character Sketch Essay Antigone, the character for which the play was named, is a very complex character. She seems to change directions all throughout the play and there is never one point in which you know exactly what she will do because she is just that unpredictable. This unpredictability also makes her seem very hypocritical because she will say something and then turn on a dime and say the complete opposite. Antigones character is very intriguing strictly due to the fact that she keeps you guessing. The following will show the many variations that her character shows throughout the play. There are several points in the play that Antigone seems very heroic, especially when she is speaking to Creon about her reasoning for attempting to bury her brother. She reflects every aspect of a hero by trying to sneak out not once, but twice and then even more by standing up to Creon. All of these heroics, however, in a very short time make her look very selfish. After Creon tells her the story about her brothers bodies, she takes the stance that she must bury her brother for herself. That all but erases the thought of her, as a hero because all of her actions that were thought to have been done for Polynices were only done to satisfy her own needs. The one characteristic of Antigone that seems to be constant throughout the play is her stubbornness. From the beginning of the play when she sneaks out to bury her brother after Creon had specifically told her not to, all the way to the end when she is given the opportunity to marry Haemon and go on living but forces her own death. She always seemed to fight everything for as long as possible, never taking the easy way out if it compromised her beliefs. In the end it was her stubbornness that ultimately killed her. Antigone also attempts to come across as the so-called innocent victim. When she is first found out and Creon confronts her, she pushes the fact that she had to do it for Polynices. Even when that reason went to hell and she changed her story to say that she had to bury him for herself, she still said she was bound to do it, which represents Antigone trying to make herself look innocent by saying she had to do it. I do not think there is a right or wrong answer as to whether she was an innocent victim or not, but the question is posed all throughout the play. Of all Antigones characteristics, it seems as though her stubbornness is the most prevalent of all. The fact that she is stubborn is only the beginning of the description of her character. Antigone is by far the most complex of all the characters in the play and I think it is safe to say that none even come close to her. I believe that the variations in her character also make her the most interesting  of all the characters because with the others you know what to expect. Antigone is an amazing play and the title character is as amazing as she is complex.

Martin Luthers Translation of the Bible

Martin Luther, the once devoted Catholic, one day came across a bible hidden in one of the apartments of Erfurt University library. Upon reading the book keenly, Luther encountered significant differences between what his Catholic Church taught and what the bible said concerning issues like relying on the church fathers for the remission of sins. Since the church teachings were contrary to the bible teachings, he got concerned and protested the issues, hence becoming the father of Protestantism.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Martin Luther’s Translation of the Bible specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a working criterion of spreading the truth, as it stands in the bible, Luther took the boldest step ever of translating his newly found bible into vernacular languages, German for instance, an issue that angered the Catholic Church as more people left the church to follow Luther’s teachings. The trans lation plays a very important role to the German history. Initially, the Germans could not tell lies from the truth based on the then teachings, which were presented in foreign languages other than their understandable vernacular language. In addition, they had hungered for reformation for long and thus the translation seemed important as it marked the dawn of that awaited reformation. In fact, Shaff points out that â€Å"The spread of this version, imperfect as it was, proves the hunger and thirst of the German people for the pure word of God, and prepared the way for the Reformation† (Para. 9). In addition, the translation was so important in that it solved the problems of the majority of Germans who, despite their little education, wanted to know the truth but could not get it from the former complicated bible. Sanders observes, â€Å"†¦even tailors and shoemakers, yea, even women and ignorant persons†¦studied it with the greatest avidity as the fountain of all truth† (Para. 2). Further, the translation assisted the common people who, through the easy reading and understanding of the true word of God, could then make informed decisions concerning the truth. In other words, Luther’s work was no more than a force that fuelled the freedom of the Germans. The evident Protestant state churches of Germany, initially used by Luther to teach his cohorts, aroused the courage of teaching to the Germans. Besides, the Lutheran bible is of great significance to the German history.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Luther’s translation of the bible into German marked the most outstanding revolving point of the Germans’ history. For instance, its high rate of spreading across the Germans stands out as the origin of the advanced German language. Initially, the language featured so many dialects such that the people could neither under stand nor unite with one another. Therefore, Luther, through his works restored this harmony of language and further forming the basis of the contemporary German literature. The translation too fuelled the famous reformation of religion. In fact, it was through the translation that Protestantism emerged, which was otherwise nowhere before. Further, the Lutheran bible contributed significantly towards â€Å"the creation of German nationalism because†¦his sayings and translation became part of the German national heritage† (Gerhard 216). The translation too contributed towards the reformation of the German education system. The reformation came as Luther campaigned for the education of every person, which in turn left virtually all Germans in a position of reading and understanding the bible. Internationally, Luther’s translation significantly fuelled the widening of Protestantism as many other people who supported Luther came up with some other translations like th e King James Version, the Bishop’s Bible, and the Douay-Rheims Bible among others. Therefore, as evidenced by the expositions, Luther’s translation of the bible into vernacular German language stands out as both important and significant the Germans history. It marked the dawn of reformation in Germany as people demanded to hear and know the truth, as revealed by the word of God. Further, it induced the courage of teaching by the Germans and more so teaching the true pure word of God in a language that even the illiterate could understand. As a result, the translation is the root of all the protestant churches, not only in Germany, but also in the world at large. Works Cited Gerhard, Ritter. Luther: His Life and Work. New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1963.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Martin Luther’s Translation of the Bible specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sanders, Ruth. How Martin L uther’s Translation of the Bible Influenced the German  Language, 2010. Web.  https://liturgical.wordpress.com/2010/09/01/how-martin-luthers-translation-of-the-bible-influenced-the-german-language/ Shaff, Phillip. History of the Christian Church. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1910. This essay on Martin Luther’s Translation of the Bible was written and submitted by user Al1s0n to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.